One of the factors that can be the link between our intentions and actions and their external consequences is human agency, which indicates the conscious design and intentional execution of actions by the individual in order to influence future events.Objective and Method: This research with a developmental approach of psychometric method and method 1, examines the psychometric indices of the Human Factor Characteristics Scale using the classical THEORY of test score measurement and the graduated question-answer THEORY. The purpose of this study, which included high school students in Tehran, was selected by cluster sampling of 500 people as a sample size and statistical analysis was performed on 481 data. To collect the data, the ion Human Agent Characteristics Scale (2011) was used and the research questions were evaluated using IRTPRO and SPSS software.Results:The assumption of local independence based on Pearson x2 index was established by applying Simjima's calibrated question-answer THEORY and the assumption of being one-dimensional based on the analysis of multidimensional question-answer THEORY. Diagnosis parameters with question-answer approach and classical approach Test score Both item 25 approach had the lowest and item 2 had the highest diagnosis parameter. The answer thresholds for all the questions were so far apart that no option was covered by the other option, and the options were independently selected by individuals at intervals of theta. The total scale was calculated with Cronbach's alpha of 0.945, intentionality of 0.894, foresight of 0.780, self-reactivity of 0.871 and rethinking of 0.762. Also, the role of each item in internal consistency was investigated by the loop method, which all questions had a favorable role in internal consistency of this scale. The value of the validity coefficient obtained from the question-answer THEORY was obtained by marginal method for intentionality 0.92, forethought 0.85, self-reaction 0.91, rethinking 0.83..

In this research risk-return tradeoff examined in scope of ex post facto studies, using OLS Model and Quantile regression Model. By using of daily returns of six indexes of Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE), linear relation between excess return and risk examined that evidence indicates significant (positive) tradeoff between excess return and risk. However, results of Quantile regression model show that risk-return relation is different in returns distribution and vary from negative relation in the lower quantiles to positive relation in the upper quantiles. Linear regression model and Quantile regression model show also that unexpected variance can explain excess return at least similar to expected variance. The results can also be interpreted with both insight of standard finance and insight of behavioral finance. In standard finance area, risk-return positive relation that exists in upper quintiles is consistent with long run growth of economy. Moreover, negative relation between return and risk in lower quintiles implies more uncertainty and as a result causing stock returns to fall. In behavioral finance area, regime-dependent behavior of slope coefficients is consistent with prediction of prospect THEORY of investor’s behaviors around the reference point.

This study examines the impact of financial flexibility on firms' capital structure for the firms accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period of 1378 to 1386. The financial flexibility is defined by the stages in life cycle including birth, growth and maturity, and data analysis is performed by multiple regression method.The results show that rising firms issue equity and safe debt and maintain moderate leverage ratios. Firms in growing stage use debt financing mechanism and maintain high leverage ratios, and firms in mature stage rely on internal equity and maintain lower leverage ratios. The results of this research are consistent with the tradeoff THEORY, but not with the pecking order THEORY in the field of developing firms.

In this paper, we examine relation between relevance and reliability of accounting information and accounting conservatism over a 7- period in 103 loss firms during the period 2002 to 2008 in Tehran Stock Exchange. We report evidence that accounting conservatism has a positive relation with reliability and a negative relation with relevance. our findings show that relevance and reliability have a negative relation. The other results show that firm size is related to reliability and relevance but leverage is not related to relevance and has a positive relation with reliability. our findings contribute to the literature on accounting conservatism and they implicate that conservatism is not likely to be an efficient financial reporting mechanism to tradeoff between relevance and reliability.

This study presents the effects of project uncertainties on non-linear time-cost tradeoff (TCT) profile of real life engineering projects by the fusion of fuzzy logic and artificial neural network (ANN) models with hybrid meta-heuristic (HMH) technique, abridged as Fuzzy-ANN-HMH. Nonlinear time-cost relationship of project activities is dealt with ANN models. ANN models are then integrated with HMH technique to search for Pareto-optimal nonlinear TCT profile. HMH technique incorporates simulated annealing in the selection process of multi objective genetic algorithm. Moreover, in real life engineering projects, uncertainties like management experience, labor skills, and weather conditions are commonly involved, which affect the duration and cost of the project activities. Fuzzy-ANN-HMH analyses responsiveness of nonlinear TCT profile with respect to these uncertainties. A comparison of Fuzzy-ANN-HMH is made with another method in literature to solve nonlinear TCT problem and the superiority of Fuzzy-ANN-HMH is demonstrated by results. The study gives project planners to carry out the best plan that optimizes time and cost to complete a project under uncertain environment.